Not a single person among us

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but是否定意义的关系代词,放在否定词后,引导定语从句,相当于：who/that...not.通常用于“（There be)+no+主语+but从句”这一句型.所以,本句意即：（There is) Not a single person among us who does not agree with the proposal.
我们中间没有一个人不同意这个提议.这是个双重否定,也就是说：我们所有的人都同意这个提议.
but的这个用法的更多例句：
Not a man but had tears in his eyes.(=There was no one without tears in his eyes.)没有谁眼睛不含着泪水.这个句子也是省略了There was.
There is no rule but has exceptions.凡事皆有例外.