When we're learning a foreign language, making sense of what we hear is the first step tow

When we're learning a foreign language, making sense of what we hear is the first step toward fluency. It sounds obvious, but until recently, we didn't know much about how listening works. New research shows that effective listening involves more than simply hearing the words that float past our ears. Rather, it's an active process of analysing information and making meaning.
Studies of skilled language learners have identified specific listening strategies that lead to excellent prehension. In addition to that benefit, research has shown that learners who adopt these strategies bee better listeners.
So what are listening strategies? Skilled learners go into a listening activity with a sense of what they want to get out of it. They set a goal for their listening, and they make predictions about what the speaker will say. Before the talking begins, they review what they already know about the subject, and form an intention to “listen out for”what's important. Once they begin listening, these learners maintain their focus; if their attention wanders, they bring it back to the words being spoken. They don't allow themselves to be thrown off by confusing or unfamiliar details. Instead, they take note of what they don't understand and later make inferences(推测)about what those things might mean, based on other clues available to them: their previous knowledge of the subject, the identity of the speaker, and so on. All the while, skilled learners are evaluating what they're hearing and their own understanding of it. They're checking their inferences to see if they're correct.
Such strategies are all about thinking, and they produce a variety of benefits. Research indicates that such learners are better at analysing and storing new information, better at finding the best ways to practice what they have learned. Last year, for example, University of Ottawa researcher Larry Vandergrift published his study of 106 undergraduates who were learning French as a second language. Half of the students were taught in a traditional fashion, listening to and practicing texts spoken aloud. The other half, dealing with the same skill level and taught by the same teacher, were given clear instruction on how to listen. In the journal Language Learning, Vandergrift reported the results: The second group “significantly outperformed(胜过)” the first one on a test of prehension. In a 2006 study by researchers from Singapore, Chinese speakers who were learning English as a second language reported increased motivation and confidence after they were taught metacognitive strategies.
Though listening is often treated as a way to make others feel appreciated, it's also one of the most powerful tools we have to gain information and insight(洞察力).
General idea of paragraphs
Detailed information
    【小题1】    of effective listening
It includes our hearing the words and _【小题2】_of the information to get the meaning.
The _【小题3】    of specific listening strategies
★It will lead to excellent prehension.
★Learners _【小题4】_them can bee better listeners.
 Listening strategies
★Review the _【小题5】    fact about the subject.
★Set a goal for listening.
★    【小题6】    the speaker's information.
★Maintain the _【小题7】    on the words being spoken.
★Take note of the confusing details for later inferences.
★Evaluate the information being heard, the understanding of it and its     【小题8】    .
The results of the experiment
Learners are more     【小题9】    and confident.
_【小题10】    
Listening can make others feel appreciated and help the listeners gain information and insight.
Definition