Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social har

Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.
The ing of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, pared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than their counterparts did in the ten other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. Those things that do not show up in the test scores, personality, ability, courage or humanity are pletely ignored, says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education mittee. Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild. Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarⅡ had weakened the Japanese morality of respect for parents.
But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. In Japan, says educator Yoko Muro, it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure. With economic growth being centralization, fully 76 percent of Japans, 119 million citizens live in cities where munity and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy mutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the disfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.
【小题1】 In the Westerners eyes, the postwar Japan was     .A．under aimless developmentB．a positive exampleC．a rival to the WestD．on the decline【小题2】According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?A．Women's participation in social activities is limited.B．More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.C．Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.D．The life-style has been influenced by Western values.【小题3】Which of the following is true according to the author?A．Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.B．Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.　　　　C．More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.D．Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.【小题4】The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that    .A．the young are less tolerant of disforts B．the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.C．the Japanese endure more than ever beforeD．the Japanese appreciate their present lifeB