Anyone who doubts if children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spend only a

Anyone who doubts if children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spend only a few minutes with a baby eagerly learning to walk. No matter how many times the little ones stumble in their first efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master their amazing new skill. It is only several years later, many psychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed. For the parents of such kids, whose own ambition is often tied to their children's success, it can be a painful experience.
Figuring out why the fire went out is the first step. Assuming that a kid doesn't suffer from a learning disability, or isn't involved in some family crisis(危机) at home, many educators attribute a sudden lack of motivation to a fear of failure or classmate pressure.“Everything is within the kids' control；their intelligence is changeable,”says Lisa Blackwell, a research scientist at Columbia University. More than any teacher or workshop, Blackwell says,“Parents can play a key role in conveying this message to their children by praising their effort and progress rather than emphasizing their “smartness” or praising high performance alone. Most of all, parents should let their kids know that mistakes are a part of learning.”
Some experts say our education system, with its strong emphasis on testing and separation of students into different levels of ability, also bears blame for the disappearance of drive in some kids.“These programs shut down the motivation of all kids who aren't considered gifted and talented. They destroy their confidence,” says Jeff Howard, a social psychologist. Howard and other educators say it's important to expose kids to a world beyond homework and tests, through volunteer work, sports, hobbies and other extra­curricular activities.
“The problem of the issue is that many students experience education as irrelevant to their life goals and ambition,”says Michael Nakkual, a Harvard education professor. The key to getting kids to aim higher at school is to free them of the idea that class work is irrelevant, and to show them how doing well at school can actually help them fulfill their dreams beyond it. They need to understand that you have to learn to walk before you can run.
【小题1】According to the passage, the parents of kids with no ambition     .A．don't do a very good job on teaching them to walkB．are to blame if the kids do poorly in schoolC．feel pain because their own ambition is connected to their kids' successD．should take part in extra­curricular activities with kids【小题2】 The underlined part “the fire went out” probably means     .A．the motivation was suddenly lostB．the fear of failure was suddenly goneC．the learning disability was suddenly lostD．the fire was suddenly gone【小题3】All the following can contribute to a sudden lack of ambition EXCEPT     .A．learning disabilityB．classmate pressureC．emphasis on testingD．extra­curricular activities【小题4】What is the most important thing for parents in motivating their kids?A．Punishing kids who don't display ambition.B．Emphasizing smartness and high performance.C．Telling kids that mistakes are a part of learning.D．Praising the effort and progress they have made.C