A 70-year study of personality suggests that pessimism is a risk factor for early death, especially among men.
The study results also indicate that pessimism can be linked to increased risk for sudden death from accidents or violence, according to the report published in the March issue of Psychological Science.
Christopher Peterson of the University of Michigan and his colleagues analyzed data from the Terman Life-Cycle Study, which began by studying California public-school children with high IQs in 1921 and followed them through their life. Most of the 1,528 children were teenagers when the study began. Those still living are now in their 80s. In 1936 and 1940, participants were asked to plete a questionnaire designed to obtain information about difficult life events and their effect on overall outlook. One such question was, “What do you regard as your most serious fault of personality or character?”
Pessimists were defined as fatalistic(宿命论的)people who tend to blame themselves when things go wrong and who believe that one bad event can ruin the rest of their life. They also tend to expect bad things to happen to them and feel that they have little or no ability to change their situation.
Males were more likely than females to be classified as pessimistic. Compared with individuals with a more cheerful and optimistic outlook, pessimists were more likely to die from accidents and violence (including suicide).
A pessimistic personality may lead to poor problem-solving ability, social difficulties and risky decision-making. Taken together, these variables put the pessimist at higher risk of untimely(不适时的) death, say the researchers. Such a person is less likely to avoid or escape potentially dangerous situations, the researchers concluded. “A pessimistic way of thinking in which people worry too much about bad events, predicts untimely death decades later,” according to Peterson.
【小题1】According to the passage, you may be a pessimistic person, if one failure makes you feel .A．other people have been unfair to you.B．other people will help you.C．you cannot change a bad situation.D．you can do better next time.【小题2】According to the passage, pessimists may feel all of the following EXCEPT A．helpless when faced with difficulties.B．cheerful when faced with troubles.C．hopeless when one bad event occurs.D．guilty when things go wrong.【小题3】Which of the following statements is true, according to the passage?A．Pessimists believe that everything in life depends on fate.B．There are more pessimists among women than among men.C．Most pessimists will end up mitting suicide.D．All pessimists will eventually die from accidents.【小题4】The Terman Life-Cycle Study is a research program that studies .A．people over 70 years old.B．people since their childhood.C．pessimistic people over 80 years old.D．only younger people.【小题5】The analysis made by Christopher Peterson and his colleagues shows that pessimistic people A．will die from violence if they learn to be optimistic.B．will more likely die from violence than optimistic people.C．will die from violence because their IQs are low.D．will die untimely if they are not able to learn to be cheerful and optimistic.C
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(答案→)C
解析：本文讲述的是悲观主义者很容易过早去世，主要是因为他们有宿命论，认为对于生活中的一切他们都无能为力。
【小题1】C 推理题。根据第四段2,3行They also tend to expect bad things to happen to them and feel that they have little or no ability to change their situation.说明如果坏的事情发生了，他们感觉自己没有能力改变这一切，这样的人就是悲观主义者，故C正确。
【小题2】B 常识题。当人们遇见困难的时候情绪高涨，这样的人肯定不是悲观主义者。故B项符合要求。
【小题3】A 推理题。根据第四段Pessimists were defined as fatalistic(宿命论的)people who tend to blame themselves when things go wrong and who believe that one bad event can ruin the rest of their life.说明悲观主义者往往持有宿命论，认为一切都是命中注定的。故A正确。
【小题4】B 细节题。根据第三段前四行 Christopher Peterson of the University of Michigan and his colleagues analyzed data from the Terman Life-Cycle Study, which began by studying California public-school children with high IQs in 1921 and followed them through their life. Most of the 1,528 children were teenagers when the study began.说明这些研究都在研究对象小的时候就开始的，故B正确。
【小题5】D 细节题。根据文章最后一句“A pessimistic way of thinking in which people worry too much about bad events, predicts untimely death decades later,” according to Peterson.说明这样的人可能会过早去世。故D正确。