介绍蝙蝠
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简介
蝙蝠是唯一一类演化出真正有飞翔能力的哺乳动物,有900多种。它们中的多数还具有敏锐的听觉定向(或回声定位)系统。大多数蝙蝠以昆虫为食。因为蝙蝠捕食大量昆虫,故在昆虫繁殖的平衡中起重要作用,甚至可能有助于控制害虫。某些蝙蝠亦食果实、花粉、花蜜;热带美洲的吸血蝙蝠以哺乳动物及大型鸟类的血液为食。这些蝙蝠有时会传播狂犬病。蝙蝠呈世界性分布。在热带地区,蝙蝠的数量极为丰富,它们会在人们的房屋和公共建筑物内集成大群。蝙蝠的体型大小差异极大。最大的吸血狐蝠翼展达1.5米,而基蒂氏猪鼻蝙蝠的翼展仅有15厘米。蝙蝠的颜色、皮毛质地及脸相也千差万别。蝙蝠的翼是进化过程中由前肢演化而来。除拇指外,前肢各指极度伸长,有一片飞膜从前臂、上臂向下与体侧相连直至下肢的踝部。拇指末端有爪。多数蝙蝠于两腿之间亦有一片两层的膜,由深色裸露的皮肤构成。蝙蝠的吻部似啮齿类或狐狸。外耳向前突出,通常非常大,且活动灵活。许多蝙蝠也有鼻叶,由皮肤和结缔组织构成,围绕着鼻孔或在鼻孔上方拍动。据认为鼻叶影响发声及回声定位。蝙蝠的脖子短;胸及肩部宽大,胸肌发达;而髋及腿部细长。除翼膜外,蝙蝠全身有毛,背部呈浓淡不同的灰色、棕黄色、褐色或黑色,而腹侧色调较浅。栖息于空旷地带的蝙蝠,皮毛上常有斑点或杂色斑块,颜色也各不相同。蝙蝠的取食习性各异,或为掠食性,或有助于传粉和散布果实,从而影响自然秩序。吸血蝙蝠对人类就是一个严重的问题。食虫蝙蝠的粪便一直在农业上用作肥料。整个蝙蝠群的性周期是同步的,因此大部分交配活动发生于数周之内。妊娠期从6、7周到5、6月。许多种类的雌体妊娠后迁到一个特别的哺育栖息地点。蝙蝠通常每窝产1至4仔。幼仔初生时无毛或少毛,常在一段时间内不能视不能听。幼仔由亲体照顾5周至5个月,按不同种类决定。几乎所有蝙蝠均于白天憩息,夜出觅食。这种习性便于它们侵袭入睡的猎物,而自己不受其他动物或高温阳光的伤害。蝙蝠通常喜欢栖息于孤立的地方,如山洞、缝隙、地洞或建筑物内,也有栖于树上、岩石上的。它们总是倒挂着休息。它们一般聚成群体,从几十只到几十万只。具有回声定位能力的蝙蝠,能产生短促而频率高的声脉冲,这些声波遇到附近物体便反射回来。蝙蝠听到反射回来的回声,能够确定猎物及障碍物的位置和大小。这种本领要求高度灵敏的耳和发声中枢与听觉中枢的紧密结合。蝙蝠个体之间也可能用声脉冲的方式交流。有少部分蝙蝠依靠嗅觉和视觉找寻食物。
人们常用“飞禽走兽”一词来形容鸟类和兽类,但这种说法有时却并不一定正确,因为有一些鸟类并不会飞,如鸵鸟、鸸鹋、几维和企鹅等;同样也有一些兽类并不会走,如生活在海洋中的鲸类等,而蝙蝠类不但不会像一般陆栖兽类那样在地上行走,却能像鸟类一样在空中飞翔。
蝙蝠类是唯一真正能够飞翔的兽类,它们虽然没有鸟类那样的羽毛和翅膀,飞行本领也比鸟类差得多,但其前肢十分发达,上臂、前臂、掌骨、指骨都特别长,并由它们支撑起一层薄而多毛的,从指骨末端至肱骨、体侧、后肢及尾巴之间的柔软而坚韧的皮膜,形成蝙蝠独特的飞行器官—翼手。中国古代也有关于蝙蝠的记载说他们也生活在钟乳洞里,名叫仙鼠,那里的蝙蝠因为能够喝到洞里的水得到长生,千年之后他们的身体颜色也有了巨大的变化,从原来的黑暗的颜色变成了通身雪白, 我想这就是他们为什么被称为仙鼠的原因吧.
蝙蝠的胸肌十分发达,胸骨具有龙骨突起,锁骨也很发达,这些均与其特殊的运动方式有关。它非常善于飞行,但起飞时需要依靠滑翔,一旦跌落地面后就难以再飞起来。飞行时把后腿向后伸,起着平衡的作用。
蝙蝠一般都有冬眠的习性,冬眠时新陈代谢的能力降低,呼吸和心跳每分钟仅有几次,血流减慢,体温降低到与环境温度相一致,但冬眠不深,在冬眠期有时还会排泄和进食,惊醒后能立即恢复正常。它们的繁殖力不高,而且有“延迟受精”的现象,即冬眠前交配时并不发生受精,精子在雌兽生殖道里过冬,至翌年春天醒眠之后,经交配的雌兽才开始排卵和受精,然后怀孕、产仔。
蝙蝠是哺乳类中古老而十分特化的一支,因前肢特化为翼而得名,分布于除南北两极和某些海洋岛屿之外的全球各地,以热带、亚热带的种类和数量最多。它们由于奇貌不扬和夜行的习性,总是使人感到可怕,外文中名字的原意就是轻佻的老鼠的意思,不过在我国,由于“蝠”字与“福”字同音,所以在民间尚能得到人们的喜爱,将它的形象画在年画上。
蝙蝠类动物全世界共有900多种,我国约有81种,是哺乳类中仅次于啮齿目的第二大类群。它们可以大体上分成大蝙蝠和小蝙蝠两大类,大蝙蝠类分布于东半球热带和亚热带地区,体形较大,身体结构也较原始,包括狐蝠科1科。小蝙蝠类分布于东、西半球的热带、温带地区,体型较小,身体结构更为特化,包括菊头蝠科、蹄蝠科、叶口蝠科、吸血蝠科、蝙蝠科等十余科。
蝙蝠的食性
蝙蝠类动物的食性相当广泛,有些种类喜爱花蜜、果实,有的喜欢吃鱼、青蛙、昆虫,吸食动物血液,甚至吃其他蝙蝠。一般来说,大蝙蝠类一般以果实或花蜜为食,而大多数小蝙蝠类则以捕食昆虫为主。
以昆虫为食的蝙蝠在不同程度上都有回声定位系统,因此有“活雷达”之称。借助这一系统,它们能在完全黑暗的环境中飞行和捕捉食物,在大量干扰下运用回声定位,发出超声波信号而不影响正常的呼吸。它们头部的口鼻部上长着被称作“鼻状叶”的结构,在周围还有很复杂的特殊皮肤皱褶,这是一种奇特的超声波装置,具有发射超声波的功能,能连续不断地发出高频率超声波。如果碰到障碍物或飞舞的昆虫时,这些超声波就能反射回来,然后由它们超凡的大耳廓所接收,使反馈的讯息在它们微细的大脑中进行分析。这种超声波探测灵敏度和分辩力极高,使它们根据回声不仅能判别方向,为自身飞行路线定位,还能辨别不同的昆虫或障碍物,进行有效的回避或追捕。蝙蝠就是靠着准确的回声定位和无比柔软的皮膜,在空中盘旋自如,甚至还能运用灵巧的曲线飞行,不断变化发出超声波的方向,以防止昆虫干扰它的信息系统,乘机逃脱的企图。
同其他动物一样,许多蝙蝠也在自然界越来越少,趋于灭绝。用于消灭昆虫的毒剂和木材保护药剂等把它们在冬眠的时候药死,许多错误的观念也使人类大批地捕杀它们。一些种类栖居的空心树木被伐掉了,废墟被拆除或者被重修得严丝无缝,使其无法生存。蝙蝠在维护自然界的生态平衡中起着很重要的作用,各种食虫类蝙蝠能消灭大量蚊子、夜蛾、金龟子、尼姑虫等害虫,一夜可捕食3000只以上,对人类有益。蝙蝠所聚集的粪便还是很好的肥料,对农业生产有用。经过加工的蝙蝠粪被称为“夜明砂”,是中药的一种。蝙蝠还是研究动物定向、定位及休眠的重要对象,对它们辐射技术的秘密还没有完全搞清楚,人类仅仅只是知道了蝙蝠能够做些什么了,但仍然不知道它们是怎样做的,所以拯救那些濒临灭绝的种类势在必行。
借助仿生原理,人类根据蝙蝠的回声定位系统制造出了雷达。
小知识:
1 蝙蝠种类繁多,全世界约有900种。蝙蝠的种类数目在哺乳动物中居第二位,仅次于啮齿类动物。
2 猪鼻小蝙蝠翼距只有14厘米,身体如小狗般大的狐蝠翼距宽达2米。
3 有些蝙蝠的飞行速度可达50千米每小时以上。
4 蝙蝠能在1秒钟内捕捉和分辨250组回音。(注:音波往返一次算一组。)
5 从秋天开始,蝙蝠就在下腹部聚积了一层脂肪,至冬眠前体重变为夏天时的1.5倍以上。
6 有的蝙蝠会钓鱼,墨西哥兔唇蝠一个晚上能捕获30多条小鱼。
7 一只20克重的食虫性蝙蝠一年能吃掉1.8--3.6千克昆虫。
8 一窝由100只蝙蝠组成的蝙蝠群仿生学
仿生学(bionics)在具有生命之意的希腊语bion上,加上有工程技术涵义的ics而组成的词。大约从1960年才开始使用。生物具有的功能迄今比任何人工制造的机械都优越得多,仿生学就是要在工程上实现并有效地应用生物功能的一门学科。例如关于信息接受(感觉功能)、信息传递(神经功能)、自动控制系统等,这种生物体的结构与功能在机械设计方面给了很大启发。可举出的仿生学例子,如将海豚的体形或皮肤结构(游泳时能使身体表面不产生紊流)应用到潜艇设计原理上。仿生学也被认为是与控制论有密切关系的一门学科,而控制论主要是将生命现象和机械原理加以比较,进行研究和解释的一门学科。
苍蝇,是细菌的传播者,谁都讨厌它。可是苍蝇的楫翅(又叫平衡棒)是“天然导航仪”,人们模仿它制成了“振动陀螺仪”。这种仪器目前已经应用在火箭和高速飞机上,实现了自动驾驶。苍蝇的眼睛是一种“复眼”,由30O0多只小眼组成,人们模仿它制成了“蝇眼透镜”。“蝇眼透镜”是用几百或者几千块小透镜整齐排列组合而成的,用它作镜头可以制成“蝇眼照相机”,一次就能照出千百张相同的相片。这种照相机已经用于印刷制版和大量复制电子计算机的微小电路,大大提高了工效和质量。“蝇眼透镜”是一种新型光学元件,它的用途很多。
自然界形形色色的生物,都有着怎样的奇异本领?它们的种种本领,给了人类哪些启发?模仿这些本领,人类又可以造出什么样的机器?这里要介绍的一门新兴科学——仿生学。
仿生学是指模仿生物建造技术装置的科学,它是在本世纪中期才出现的一门新的边缘科学。仿生学研究生物体的结构、功能和工作原理,并将这些原理移植于工程技术之中,发明性能优越的仪器、装置和机器,创造新技术。从仿生学的诞生、发展,到现在短短几十年的时间内,它的研究成果已经非常可观。仿生学的问世开辟了独特的技术发展道路,也就是向生物界索取蓝图的道路,它大大开阔了人们的眼界,显示了极强的生命力。
网友回答
Echolocation
In emitting high-pitched sounds and listening to resultant echoes, the process used in radar technology, bats are able to locate prey and nearby objects. This is the process known as echolocation, the ability they similarly share with dolphins and whales.
Two groups of moths exploit a bat sense to echolocate: tiger moths produce ultrasonic signals to warn the bats of that moths are chemically-protective or aposematic. This was once thought to be the biological equivalent of "radar jamming", but this theory has yet to be confirmed. The moths Noctuidae have a hearing organ called a tympanum which responds to an ining bat signal by causing the moth's flight muscles to twitch erratically, sending the moth into random evasive manoeuvres.
Eyes
Although the eyes of most microbat species are small and poorly developed, leading to poor visual acuity, none of them are blind. Vision is used to navigate microbats especially for long distances when beyond the range of echolocation. It has even been discovered that some species are able to detect ultraviolet light. They also have a high quality sense of smell and hearing. Bats hunt at night to avoid petition with birds, and travel large distances at most 800 km, in their search for food.[2]
Wings
The finger bones of bats are much more flexible than those of other mammals. One reason is that the cartilage in their fingers lacks calcium and other minerals nearer the tips, increasing their ability to bend without splintering. The cross-section of the finger bone is also flattened pared to circular cross section of human finger bone have, and is very flexible. The skin on their wing membranes has more elasticity and so can stretch much more than other mammals.
The wings of bats are much thinner than those of birds, so bats can manoeuvre more quickly and more accurately than birds. It is also delicate, ripping easily.[12] However the tissue of the bat's membrane is able to regrow, such that small tears can heal quickly.[12][13] The surface of their wings is equipped with touch-sensitive receptors on small bumps called Merkel cells, found in most mammals including humans, similarly found on our finger tips. These sensitive areas are different in bats as each bump has a tiny hair in the center,[14] making it even more sensitive and allowing the bat to detect and collect information about the air flowing over its wings, thereby providing feedback to the bat to change its shape of its wing to fly more efficiently.[14] Some bats like the little brown bat can use this dexterious ability where it is able to drink in mid air.[15] Other bats such as the flying fox or fruit bat gently skim the water's surface, then lands nearby to lick water from their chest fur.[16] An additional kind of receptor cell is found in the wing membrane of species that use their wings to catch prey. This receptor cell is sensitive to the stretching of the membrane.[14] The cells are concentrated in areas of the membrane where insects hit the wings when the bats capture them.
Behaviour
Most microbats are nocturnal and are active at twilight. A large portion of bats migrate hundred of kilometers to winter hibernation dens[24], some pass into torpor in cold weather, rousing and feed when warm weather allows for insects to be active[25]. Others retreat to caves for winter and hibernate for six months.[25] Bats rarely fly in rain as the rain interferes with their echo location, and they are unable to locate their food.
The social structure of bats varies, with some bats leading a solitary life and others living in caves colonized by more than a million bats[26]. The fission-fusion social structure is seen among several species of bats. The term "fusion" refers to a large numbers of bats that congregate together in one roosting area and "fission" refers to breaking up and the mixing of subgroups, where individual bats switching roosts with others and often ending up in different trees and with different roostmates.
Studies also show that bats make all kinds of sounds to municate with others. Scientists in the field have listened to bats and have been able to identify some sounds with some behaviour bats will make right after the sounds are made[26].
70% of bat species are insectivorous, locating their prey by means of echolocation. Of the remainder, most feed on fruits[27]. Only three species sustain themselves with blood. Some species even prey on vertebrates: these are the leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) of Central America and South America, and the two bulldog bat (Noctilionidae) species, which feed on fish. At least two species of bat are known to feed on bats: the Spectral Bat, also known as the American False Vampire bat, and the Ghost Bat of Australia[27]. One species, the Greater Noctule bat, catches and eats small birds in the air.