Born in Italy, Galileo Galilei, was a Tuscan astronomer, philosopher, and physicist. He is closely associated with the 36 (science) revolution. For his great achievements, he has been referred to as the “father of modern astronomy”, as the “father of modern physics”, and as “father of science”. The work of Galileo 37 (consider) to be a significant break from that of Aristotle. In addition, his conflict with the Roman Catholic Church is taken as 38 major early example of the conflict of authority and freedom of thought, particularly with science, 39 Western society. He was a man 40 experimented—never did he take anything for granted. Instead, he despised（蔑视） the prejudices and book learning of the Aristotelians and drew his 41 (conclude) fearlessly. He had been the first 42 (turn) a telescope to the sky, and he had seen there evidence enough to overthrow（推翻） Aristotle and Ptolemy together. Although Galileo found 43 difficult for him to make people 44 (convince) of his theories, he still stuck to his views. His observations showed the theory that the earth moves around the sun was right. It was only many years later 45 the world recognized his greatness.
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解析：
【小题1】scientific 后面有名词revolution，说明这里应该用形容词的形式，故scientific正确。
【小题2】is considered 本句为被动语态。伽利略的工作被认为是天文学的重大突破。
【小题3】a 指作为一个例子，用不定冠词a表示泛指。
【小题4】in in Western society在西方社会里。
【小题5】who 定语从句的关系代词，指代先行词a man在句中做主语。
【小题6】conclusion draw a conclusion得出结论.conclusion结论。
【小题7】to turn 当名词为序数词或者被序数词修饰时，用不定式做定语对其进行修饰。
【小题8】it it做为形式宾语，后面的不定式是真正的宾语。
【小题9】convinced convinced信任的；make people convinced是人们相信，convinced在句中做补语。
【小题10】that 本句是强调句型：it was/is 被强调成分 that/who其它成分。本题强调的是时间状语only many years later。